Population change
Explain population trends and patterns in contrasting regions of the world
Populations are stable in all developed nations, they generally have low fertility rates and low death rates. These populations are experiencing an ageing population challenge as fertility rates fall well below replacement rates.
Life expectancies are rising in most of the worlds emerging economies and LEDCs. Health care is improving and death rates are falling.
However, the poorest LEDCs continue to exhibit high fertility rates and low life expectancies. In the case of Sierra Leone life expectancy is just 50 years. Niger has the world's highest fertility rates at approximately 7 children per woman.
Populations are stable in all developed nations, they generally have low fertility rates and low death rates. These populations are experiencing an ageing population challenge as fertility rates fall well below replacement rates.
Life expectancies are rising in most of the worlds emerging economies and LEDCs. Health care is improving and death rates are falling.
However, the poorest LEDCs continue to exhibit high fertility rates and low life expectancies. In the case of Sierra Leone life expectancy is just 50 years. Niger has the world's highest fertility rates at approximately 7 children per woman.
Analyse population pyramids
Population graphs are most readily interpreted by their shape.
Population graphs are most readily interpreted by their shape.
Explain population momentum and its impact on population projections
Populations have a natural momentum and by analysing trends and birth rates it is easy to predict what challenges a nation will face in the years ahead.
Populations have a natural momentum and by analysing trends and birth rates it is easy to predict what challenges a nation will face in the years ahead.
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Responses to high and low fertility
Explain dependency and ageing ratios
As population change the levels of population that are dependent, such as young children and elderly people also change. This will impact the society economically and socially.
The dependency ration provides a crude measure of ageing.
The UN Population Ageing report provides a comprehensive look at the causes and effects of Ageing.
As population change the levels of population that are dependent, such as young children and elderly people also change. This will impact the society economically and socially.
The dependency ration provides a crude measure of ageing.
The UN Population Ageing report provides a comprehensive look at the causes and effects of Ageing.
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Examine the impacts of youthful and ageing populations
Both youthful and relatively old populations have advantages. Like most demographic issues the advantages can be both social and economic.
Youthful populations have more issues with crime and instability. However, they also represent a rapidly growing workforce. Youthful populations are more likely to challenge an existing status quo and question hierarchies.
Conversely, older populations may be more conservative. They are also likely to have more disposable income. A challenge comes from catering from the medical needs of older populations.
Both youthful and relatively old populations have advantages. Like most demographic issues the advantages can be both social and economic.
Youthful populations have more issues with crime and instability. However, they also represent a rapidly growing workforce. Youthful populations are more likely to challenge an existing status quo and question hierarchies.
Conversely, older populations may be more conservative. They are also likely to have more disposable income. A challenge comes from catering from the medical needs of older populations.
Evaluate examples of a pro-natalist policy and an anti-natalist policy
Pro-natalist policies are more likely to be found in MEDCs and may involve baby bonuses, social inducements and child care arrangements that encourage prospective parents.
Anti-natalist policies may be more draconian and are more frequently found in LEDCs. China's One Child Policy is a classic example. However India has also attempted to reduce fertility as has Singapore.
Pro-natalist policies are more likely to be found in MEDCs and may involve baby bonuses, social inducements and child care arrangements that encourage prospective parents.
Anti-natalist policies may be more draconian and are more frequently found in LEDCs. China's One Child Policy is a classic example. However India has also attempted to reduce fertility as has Singapore.
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Movement responses - migration
Discus the causes of migration, both forced and voluntary
People migrate for a very wide range of reasons, not all of which are of their own choosing.
Firstly, migration can be permanent or temporary. Temporary migrations can be seasonal movements that such as herding across Africa or workers who following picking work. Migration for Education or work purposes can also be temporary if people return home after completion of contracts or degrees.
Secondly, migration can be voluntary or forced. People who engaging in voluntary migrations tend to be relatively privileged, while forced migrations are a response to far more desperate circumstance. Globally people will flee persecution or conflict both internally (known as internally displaced peoples) or internationally (known as refugees). There are currently around 65 million people seeking safety (UNHCR).
The trafficking of people is a persistent global problem that involves source nations, transit nations and destination nations. There are an estimated 48 million slaves in the world today (Global Slavery Index). The UNODC investigates global human trafficking.
People migrate for a very wide range of reasons, not all of which are of their own choosing.
Firstly, migration can be permanent or temporary. Temporary migrations can be seasonal movements that such as herding across Africa or workers who following picking work. Migration for Education or work purposes can also be temporary if people return home after completion of contracts or degrees.
Secondly, migration can be voluntary or forced. People who engaging in voluntary migrations tend to be relatively privileged, while forced migrations are a response to far more desperate circumstance. Globally people will flee persecution or conflict both internally (known as internally displaced peoples) or internationally (known as refugees). There are currently around 65 million people seeking safety (UNHCR).
The trafficking of people is a persistent global problem that involves source nations, transit nations and destination nations. There are an estimated 48 million slaves in the world today (Global Slavery Index). The UNODC investigates global human trafficking.
Evaluate internal and international migrations in terms of their geographical impacts at their origins and destinations.
Migration can be evaluated in terms of the positives and negatives that flow to the destination or the country of origin.
Migration can be evaluated in terms of the positives and negatives that flow to the destination or the country of origin.
Gender and change
Examine gender inequalities in culture, status, education, health, empowerment, life expectancy, birth ratios and land tenure.
